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WESTERN POLYPORES

BY

WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL, A.M., PH.D.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

ASSOCIATE EDITOR OF NORTH AMERICAN FLORA

EDITOR OF MYCOLOGIA

NEW YORK
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR

1915

Copyright, 1915
By WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL

PRESS OF

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASlER, PA.

PREFACE

Polypores are tough or woody fungi found chiefly on wood in
the form of brackets of various shapes and sizes, the fruiting
surface being composed of tubes or furrows. Sometimes the
walls of these tubes split with age and the hymenium appears
spiny, resembling the hydnums; sometimes the furrows change
with age to appear like gills. When the fruit-body is perennial,
the tubes are often arranged in layers. The family may be
divided into five groups, the resupinates, the annual poroid
species, the volvate species, the perennial poroid species, and
the agaric-like species. The resupinate species cannot be satis-
factorily studied without the advantages of a large herbarium
and are therefore omitted here, but some of the larger species of
the other groups are comparatively easy.

Polypores as a class are very destructive to trees and timber.
On the other hand, one species possesses medicinal properties,
some of the encrusted species supply tinder, and several of the
more juicy ones are excellent for food if collected when young.
The only species recognized as poisonous is the medicinal one,
Fames Lands, and it is so tough and bitter that no one would
think of eating it.

Polypores are very easily collected and preserved and they
largely retain their characters when dried, which makes them
excellent objects for class study during the winter months.
Many of them, also, remain in situ during the winter in perfect
condition for collecting. As a group, they lend themselves
remarkably well to studies in gross and minute anatomy, vari-
ation, adaptation, and injurious effects on trees and structural
timbers.

North America may be conveniently divided into five regions:
(i) eastern Canada and the northern United States southward
to the southern boundaries of Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and
Kansas, and westward to the western boundaries of Kansas,
Nebraska, and the Dakotas; (2) the southern United States,

iii

IV

PREFACE

including North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas,
Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia,
and the northern portion of Florida; (3) the Rocky Mountain
region, including the remainder of the western United States
and Canada with the exception of states bordering on the
Pacific Ocean; (4) the far West, including California, Oregon,
Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska; and (5) tropical
North America, including Mexico, Central America, southern
Florida, the Bermudas, the West Indies, and all other islands
between North America and South America with the exception
of Trinidad.

In all these regions, there is an abundance of work still to
be done before our knowledge of the polypores is complete, and
it is believed that the publication of a series of books treating the
species of each region separately will stimulate effort in this
direction.

The terms here used to express the abundance of a species are
"rare" or "occasional," "rather frequent," "frequent," "rather
common," "common," "very common," and "extremely
common." For the sake of brevity, certain liberties have been
taken with the term "brown," especially in the keys, where it is
often used as a general term for some shade of yellowish-brown
or brown. In the same way, allowances must be made for the
term "throughout" when used to indicate occurrence, which
does not imply the actual presence of a given species on every
snowcapped mountain or every treeless prairie within the region.

The author visited the Pacific coast in the autumn and winter
of 1911 and obtained a representative collection of the polypores
occurring there. Additional collections by Zeller, McMurphy,
Harper, House, Abrams, Oleson, Hedgcock, Humphrey, Graves,
Meinecke, Owens, and the instructors and students of the botan-
ical department of the University of California have added much
to our knowledge of the western species and their distribution.
The older literature relating to the region is comparatively
worthless because most of the specimens are lost.

W. A. MURRILL.
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN.
January 15, 1915.

WESTERN POLYPORES

Including the pileate species occurring in California, Oregon,
British Columbia, and Alaska.

POLYPORACEAE

Hymenophore annual or perennial; context fleshy- tough,
corky, or woody; hymenium poroid or lamelloid, fleshy to woody,
never gelatinous.

Hymenium porose.

Hymenophore annual.
Volva wanting.
Volva present.
Hymenophore perennial.1
Hymenium furrowed.2

Tribe i.
Tribe 2.
Tribe 3.
Tribe 4.

POLYPOREAE.
VOLVATAE.
FOMITEAE.
DAEDALEAE.

Tribe I. POLYPOREAE. Hymenophore variable in size and shape, fleshy- tough
to corky, annual, sometimes reviving; surface encrusted or anoderm, glabrous
or hairy, zonate or azonate; context fibrous, rarely punky, variously colored;
tubes cylindric, sometimes splitting into teeth, usually thin-walled; spores
rounded or oblong, brown or hyaline; cystidia frequently present; surface of
pileus never conidia-bearing; stipe often present, variously attached.

3. SPONGIPORUS.

5. SPONGIPELLIS.

6.

4-

BjERKANDERA.

TYROMYCES.

Context white.

Hymenophore sessile.

Pileus very soft, spongy, and elastic throughout.
Pileus more or less firm, flexible or rigid.

Context duplex, spongy above, firm below;

surface sodden and bibulous.
Context not duplex as above.

Pileus fleshy-tough to woody and rigid.
Hymenium more or less smoke-colored

at maturity.

Hymenium white or pallid.
Pileus thin, leathery, and more or less flexi-
ble; surface usually zonate.
Hymenophore normally pileate; tubes

small and nearly always regular.
Hymenophore semiresupinate; tubes
large and irregular.

1 Exceptions occur in species of Ganoderma and Fames.
related to the Daedaleae.

1 Cerrena shows an irpiciform hymenium at maturity, much resembling species
of Coriolus. Daedalea and Gloeophyllum sometimes show poroid forms that are
very confusing.

I

1. CORIOLUS.

2. CORIOLELLUS.

Porodaedalea is closely

WESTERN POLYPORES

8. SCUTIGER.
7. POLYPORUS.

9. AURANTIPORELLUS.

10. PYCNOPORELLUS.
it. PYCNOPORUS.
12. LAETIPORUS.

Hymenophore stipitate.

Plants fleshy, terrestrial.
Plants tough, epixylous.
Context bright-colored, yellow or red; hymenophore

sessile.
Pores red or reddish.

Context soft and spongy.
Context firm.

Tubes fragile; surface anoderm.
Tubes firm and regular; surface pelliculose.
Pores yellow; plants very large.
Context brown.

Hymenophore sessile.
Spores hyaline.

Context light-brown.

Context at first fleshy, becoming slightly

corky.

Context tough from the first.
Surface glabrous or nearly so.
Surface distinctly hairy.
Context dark-brown, friable.
Spores brown.
Hymenophore stipitate.
Spores hyaline.
Spores brown.

Tribe 2. Volvatae. Hymenophore corky to woody, annual; surface smooth,
encrusted; context corky; tubes cylindric, concealed at first by a volva, which is
perforated at one or more points at maturity; spores hyaline.

Pileus sessile, subglobose, white or slightly reddish-brown. 19. CRYPTOPORUS.

Tribe 3. FOMITEAE. Hymenophore large, woody, perennial, rarely small or
annual; surface anoderm or encrusted, usually sulcate, sometimes varnished;
context punky or woody, variously colored; tubes cylindric, usually thick-
walled; spores rounded, smooth or verrucose, hyaline or brown; cystidia fre-
quently present; surface of pileus conidia-bearing in a few species; stipe rarely
present, the hymenophore usually being sufficiently elevated by its host.
Annual forms and species in a few genera connect this group with the Poly-
poreae; while the tendency at times to produce a daedaleoid hymenium, shown
especially in Porodaedalea, connects it with the Daedaleae.

15. ISCHNODERMA.
14. HAPALOPILUS.

13. FUNALIA.

17. PHAEOLUS.

16. INONOTUS.

17. PHAEOLUS.
12. COLTRICIA.

Surface of hymenophore covered with reddish-brown

varnish; context punky to corky. 25.

Surface of hymenophore not as above.

Context white, flesh-colored, or wood-colored. 20.

Context brown or latericeous.

Surface not encrusted; or, if so, context woody.

Hymenium porose. 21.

Hymenium porose-daedaleoid. 22.

Surface encrusted; context punky.

Spores hyaline or subhyaline. 23.

Spores decidedly brown. 24.

GANODERMA.
FOMES.

PYROPOLYPORUS.
PORODAEDALEA.

ELFVINGIELLA.
ELFVINGIA.

WESTERN POLYPORES 3

Tribe 4. DAEDALEAE. Hymenium annual, very rarely perennial, coriaceous to
woody, variable in size; surface anoderm, hairy or glabrous, variously marked;
context white or brown, fibrous, woody, or punky; hymenium exceedingly
variable, normally labyrinthiform or lamelloid, but often poroid or even irpici-
form, never stratified; spores smooth, brown or hyaline. Poroid and irpiciform
plants of this group are difficult to separate from certain species of Polyporeae,
forms of Daedalea confragosa in particular being troublesome to the beginner.
On the other hand, there is little to cause confusion between this group and
the Fomiteae, if we except the single distinctly perennial species of Daedalea
and the daedaleoid forms of Porodaedalea.

Context white or wood-colored.

Hymenium labyrinthiform, often becoming lamellate or

irpiciform.

Hymenium very soon becoming irpiciform. 26. CERRENA.

Hymenium rarely becoming irpiciform and then

not until maturity. 27. DAEDALEA.

Hymenium lamellate from the first, not becoming

irpiciform. 28. LENZITES.

Context brown. 29. GLOEOPHYLLUM.

i. CORIOLUS Qu61.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, usually zonate, ano-
derm, hairy or glabrous; context thin, white, flexible, fibrous,
leathery; tubes thin-walled, white, at length splitting into irpici-
form teeth in several species, mouths polygonal or irregular;
spores smooth, hyaline.

Surface of pileus zonate.

Tubes more or less entire, at least until the hymenophore

is quite old.

Surface marked at maturity with conspicuous gla-
brous zones of different colors. i. C. versicolor.
Surface clothed entirely with a conspicuous hairy

covering. 2. C. nigromarginatus.

Tubes soon breaking up into long, irpiciform teeth. 3. C. abielinus.

Surface azonate, smooth, subglabrous, white. 4. C. washingtonensis.

i. CORIOLUS VERSICOLOR (L.) Quel.

Pileus densely imbricate, very thin, dimidiate, conchate,
2-4 X 3-7 X 0.1-0.2 cm.; surface smooth, velvety, shining,
marked with conspicuous, glabrous zones of various colors,
mostly latericeous, bay, or black; margin thin, sterile, entire;
context thin, membranous; tubes punctiform, less than I mm.
long, white to isabelline within, mouths circular to angular,
regular, even, 4-5 to a mm., edges thick and entire, becoming
thin and dentate, white, glistening, at length opaque-isabelline
or slightly umbrinous; spores allantoid, 4-6 X 1-2 /*.

4 WESTERN POLYPORES

Common throughout on various forms of dead deciduous wood
and rarely on coniferous wood. It causes a serious root-rot in
many trees.

2. CORIOLUS NIGROMARGINATUS (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus confluent-effused, more or less imbricate, dimidiate,
applanate, corky-leathery, rather thick, flexible or rigid, 3-5
X 5-8 X 0.3-0.8 cm.; surface conspicuously hirsute, isabelline
to cinereous, concentrically furrowed and zoned; margin at
length thin, often fuliginous, sterile, finely strigose-tomentose,
entire or undulate; context white, thin, fibrous, spongy above,
1-4 mm. thick; tubes white, 1-2 mm. long, mouths circular to
angular, 4 to a mm., quite regular, edges thin, firm, tough, entire,
white to yellowish or umbrinous; spores cylindric, slightly
curved, 2.5-3 M-

Common throughout on dead deciduous wood, and found at
times on coniferous wood.

3. CORIOLUS ABIETINUS (Dicks.) Quel.

Pileus effused-reflexed, the reflexed portion thin, tough, flexible
to nearly rigid, 0.5-1.5 X 1-3 X 0.05-0.1 cm.; surface obsoletely
zonate, grayish-white, villose; margin thin, undulate to lobed,
fimbriate with age, incurved on drying; context very thin, white,
membranous; tubes uneven, irregular, soon becoming irpiciform,
mouths variable in size, 2-3 to a mm., edges thin, lacerate-
dentate, unequal, pallid or violet, fading with age, somewhat
flesh-tinted in dried specimens; spores globose, 4.5-5.5 n-

Common throughout on decaying coniferous trunks. This
species also occurs in Japan and the Philippine Islands.

4. CORIOLUS WASHINGTONENSIS Murrill

Pileus small, dimidiate, laterally connate, slightly decurrent
behind, sometimes effused, tough, flexible, milk-white throughout,
becoming slightly yellowish above on drying, and grayish behind
with age, projecting about 5 mm. from the substratum, extending
sometimes 10 cm. along cracks in the bark, reaching 5 mm. in
thickness behind; surface azonate, smooth, subglabrous, margin
undulate or lobed, sterile, rather thick for the genus; context
thin, soft, flexible; tubes 1-4 mm. long, corky, mouths regular,
glistening, slightly angular, 2 to a mm., edges thin, entire; spores
ovoid, 5 X 3-5 /*•

Found once at Seattle, Washington, growing from crevices in
the bark of a dead log of Thuya plicata.

WESTERN POLYPORES

2. CORIOLELLUS Murrill

Hymenophore small, dry, annual, epixylous, semiresupinate ;
surface anoderm, usually azonate; context white, thin, fibrous
to corky; hymenium concolorous; tubes thin-walled, usually
rather large and irregular, dentate, but not irpiciform; spores
smooth, hyaline.

Pileus grayish-fuscous, glabrous. i. C. Sequoiae.

Pileus white or pale-isabelline, conspicuously villose or strigose. 2. C. cunealus.

i. CORIOLELLUS SEQUOIAE (Copeland) Murrill

Pileus spongy to corky, rather soft, very variable in shape,
effused, confluent, resupinate or narrowly reflexed, imbricate,
the reflexed portion glabrous, cinereous-fuscous; context very
thin, fuscous; tubes slender, cinereous, 5-7 mm. long, mouths
subcircular to angular, cinereous-umbrinous, edges thin, entire
to dentate.

Occasional on burnt or decaying wood of Sequoia sempervirens
in California.

2. CORIOLELLUS CUNEATUS Murrill

Pileus thin, soft, flexible, cuneate to dimidiate, imbricate, often
effused, 0.5-1.5 X 1.5-3 X 0.2-0.4 cm.; surface conspicuously
villose, strigose behind, azonate or subzonate, white to isabelline;
margin thin, tomentose; context white to pale-yellowish, soft and
fibrous-spongy, 1-3 mm. thick; tubes short, white to discolored,
variable, i mm. or less in length, mouths angular to irregular,
1-3 to a mm., edges thin, soft, dentate-lacerate, splitting into
sharp teeth, which wear away with age; spores globose, 3-5 yu.

Described from specimens collected in British Columbia by
John Macoun on the bark of "giant cedar," and also found in
Washington on Thuya plicata.

3. SPONGIPORUS Murrill

Hymenophore small, annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate, pul-
vinate; surface white, anoderm to subpelliculose, azonate, soft
and elastic; context white, extremely soft and spongy throughout;
hymenium rigid, somewhat discolored; tubes large, irregular,
thin-walled, lacerate; spores smooth, hyaline.

6 WESTERN POLYPORES

i. SPONGIPORUS LEUCOSPONGIA (Cooke & Hark.) Murrill

Pileus rather small, dimidiate, conchate, pulverulent, 2-3 X
6-10X1.5-2.5 cm.; surface white, anoderm, very soft and spongy,
finely tomentose to glabrous; margin rounded, inflexed, sterile,
concolorous; context white, extremely soft and spongy, slightly
firmer next to the tubes with age, 5-20 mm. thick; tubes large,
irregular, 2-4 mm. long, white to discolored and slightly resinous
in appearance, mouths angular, irregular, about 2 to a mm.,
edges thin, entire to lacerate-dentate; spores ellipsoid, 7 X 5 /*•

Occasional on dead coniferous logs in California, usually at
high altitudes.

4. TYROMYCES P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, anoderm, azonate,
glabrous or nearly so; context white, fibrous, fleshy to fleshy-
tough, rigid and friable when dry; tubes thin-walled, white or
yellowish, mouths polygonal; spores smooth, hyaline.

Pileus 10-15 cm. broad. i. T. guttulatus.

Pileus 1-6 cm. broad.

Surface villose or tomentose.

Pileus more or less bluish, not effused. 2. T. caesius.

Pileus not bluish, effused-reflexed. 3. T. semipileatus.

Surface glabrous or nearly so.

Surface becoming rough from the cracking of the

reddish-brown cuticle. 4. T. cutifraclus.

Surface not becoming rough as above.

Surface grayish-cinereous or yellowish- white; tubes

white or yellowish. 5. T. chioneus.

Surface white or hygrophanous, the margin and

hymenium pale-rose-tinted. 6. T. carbonarius.

Surface and hymenium milk-white, rarely be-
coming slightly yellowish on drying,

Pileus 1-2 cm. broad, very thin, entirely sessile. 7. T. perdelicatus.
Pileus 2-4 cm. broad.

Pileus imbricate-sessile, 3-10 mm. thick. 8. T. Pseudotsugae.

Pileus substipitate, irregular, 2-3 mm. thick. 9. T. substipitatus.

i. TYROMYCES GUTTULATUS (Peck) Murrill

Pileus cespitose or gregarious, broad, applanate, sessile or
attached by an attenuate base, cheesy-soft when fresh, rigid and
fragile when dry, 5-7 X 10-15 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface white or
yellowish-white, becoming sordid with age, especially at the
margin, glabrous, somewhat uneven, slightly zonate at times,
marked with numerous rounded, depressed, watery spots, either

WESTERN POLYPORES 7

scattered promiscuously or arranged in zones; margin thin, white
to discolored, undulate or lobed; context white, cheesy to fragile,
3-8 mm. thick; tubes white, 3-6 mm. long, mouths small,
angular, glistening, 4-5 to a mm., white to avellaneous or um-
brinous, often sordid-spotted in dried specimens, edges thin,
fragile, lacerate; spores globose, 5 p.

Rare on coniferous stumps and logs in Washington and Oregon.
Its taste somewhat resembles that of Fomes Laricis, but is milder.
Compare Polyporus alutaceus Fries.

2. TYROMYCES CAESIUS (Schrad.) Murrill

Pileus dimidiate, imbricate, often narrowly attached, with a
prominent umbo, variable in habit and size, soft, spongy when
fresh, fragile when dry, 1-2 X 3-6 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface sod-
den, tomentose or villose-tomentose, azonate, murinous or
griseous when fresh, becoming caesious or fading to nearly pure-
white on drying, often nearly glabrous with age; context white,
soft, friable, 5-8 mm. thick; tubes long and slender, 5-10 mm.
long, caesious within, collapsing, friable, mouths angular, 3-4
to a mm., edges white or bluish-gray, very thin, dentate to long
and sharply lacerate; spores elongate, 5-5.5 X 1.5 M-

Occasional in Washington and Oregon on dead coniferous wood.
It occurs also on deciduous wood.

3. TYROMYCES SEMIPILEATUS (Peck) Murrill

Pileus effused, largely resupinate, suborbicular or laterally
elongate, very narrowly reflexed, the reflexed portion o-i X 2-5
X 0.3-0.5 cm.; surface white or pale-isabelline, subvillose or
scabrous, azonate; margin thin, undulate, sometimes inflexed;
context white, fleshy-tough to fragile, 2-4 mm. thick; tubes
short, slender, white to yellowish within, mouths minute, circular
to slightly angular, scarcely conspicuous, 7 to a mm., edges
thin, very even, entire, white to pallid, often bluish-discolored
in spots or blotches; spores subglobose, 6-8 ju.

Common on logs and dead branches of alder and maple in
Washington, Oregon, and California.

4. TYROMYCES CUTIFRACTUS Murrill

Pileus usually broadly attached and laterally elongate, rarely
flabelliform, slightly imbricate at times, 2-3.5X4-6X0.5-0.8 cm.;
surface glabrous, white, often rough and unsightly because of
the cracked and torn reddish-brown cuticle; context rather thick,

8 WESTERN POLYPORES

firm, almost woody, but friable, milk-white; tubes slender, 2 or
3 times as long as the thickness of the context, white or yellowish
within and without, staining brownish when bruised, mouths
glistening, small, quite regular, angular, edges entire, very thin;
spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 6 X 4 fj..

Collected on a much decayed fir log in a virgin forest at New-
port, Oregon, and also on a maple log and trunks of Thuya and
Pseudotsuga in Washington. The species is peculiar in having a
brownish cuticle, gelatinous in appearance when wet, which
breaks up as the pileus develops, leaving the surface very rough
and unattractive in appearance, especially when plants are
growing in moist situations.

5. TYROMYCES CHIONEUS (Fries) P. Karst.

Pileus imbricate, sessile, dimidiate, convex, 2-4 X 3-6 X I
cm.; surface sodden, grayish-cinereous or yellowish-white,
azonate, smooth, pubescent to glabrous, margin acute but rather
thick, entire, concolorous, fertile; context sodden and watery
when fresh, with a mild flavor and acid odor, white, homogeneous
and fragile when dry, cutting with a smooth surface, 7-10 mm.
thick; tubes shorter than the thickness of the context, 2-4 mm.
long, white to yellowish within, fragile, mouths even, glistening,
angular, sinuous at times, 4 to a mm., white to ochraceous,
edges thin, fimbriate-dentate ; spores cylindric, curved, 4-5

X 1-2 fJL.

Found once on an oak stump at Corvallis, Oregon.

6. TYROMYCES CARBONARIUS Murrill

Pileus quite irregular in shape, varying from flabelliform to
broadly sessile and laterally elongate, juicy, tough, fragile when
dry, i X i. 5-3X0. 5-1 cm.; surface tomentose to glabrous, uneven,
white or hygrophanous, azonate, margin pale-rose-tinted, rather
thick, narrowly sterile, undulate, rarely lobed; context white,
tough to fragile; tubes equaling the thickness of the context,
white within, mouths normally rather regular, subcircular, 4 to
a mm., not glistening, edges white or pale-rose-tinted, thin,
sometimes irpiciform; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline,
5 X 1.5-2/z.

Collected on a burnt red fir log at Seattle, Washington. The
tubes may be very irregular at times, with long dissepiments,
suggesting Irpiciporus. There is a faint roseate hue to the hy-

WESTERN POLYPORES 9

menium which is quite characteristic and rarely seen in species
of this genus and its near relatives.

7. TYROMYCES PERDELICATUS Murrill

Pileus flabelliform to subcircular, varying with its position on
the substratum, thin, fragile, milk-white throughout, 1-2 cm.
broad; surface finely tomentose to glabrous, scarcely zonate,
uneven, margin concolorous, thin, inflexed when dry; context
very thin, white, fragile; tubes minute, glistening, mouths
angular, subregular, edges very thin, slightly toothed, fragile;
spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 7 X 3 p.

This small, snow-white species was collected several times at
Seattle, Washington, on fallen dead branches of conifers, and
was also found common at Glen Brook, Oregon. The type
specimens grew on Tsuga heterophylla.

8. TYROMYCES PSEUDOTSUGAE Murrill

Pileus imbricate-sessile, flabelliform to semicircular, 2-3 X
2-3 X 0.3-1 cm.; surface milk-white, subglabrous, azonate or
with zones faintly outlined, margin thin, concolorous, narrowly
sterile, entire to slightly lobed, inflexed when dry; context thin,
white, fragile; tubes varying greatly in length, those behind often
reaching nearly i cm., mouths large, irregular, edges thin, fragile,
toothed, collapsing, white, becoming yellowish on drying; spores
ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 X 3-5 ju.

Known only from the original specimens collected at Seattle,
Washington, on a dead log of Pseudotsuga taxifolia.

9. TYROMYCES SUBSTIPITATUS Murrill

Pilei subcespitose, at times united above, irregularly subcircular
or flabelliform, depressed, milk-white throughout, 2-4 cm. broad,
2-3 cm. high, 2-3 mm. thick; surface glabrous, uneven, lightly
marked with irregular, radiating, raised lines, margin thin, con-
colorous, sterile, undulate or slightly lobed, slightly blackening
when bruised; context fleshy, fragile when dry, very thin; tubes
small, regular, fragile, collapsing, edges thin, toothed; spores
ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 4 X 2.5^; stipe erect, lateral or sub-
central, enlarging upward, reticulate on one side, owing to the
undeveloped tubes, 1-2 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.

Found at Seattle, Washington, on rich soil mixed with humus,
but not attached to wood. The species is aberrant, partly on

io WESTERN POLYPORES

account of its habit of growing upward from the ground, and
might be classed with the stipitate forms of the polypores. It is
closely related, however, to Tyromyces semisupinus , and may as
well be placed in this genus as in any other.

5. SPONGIPELLIS Pat.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate, simple or
imbricate, rather large; surface white, anoderm, sodden and
bibulous; context white, duplex, spongy above, firm below;
hymenium concolorous, tubes thin-walled; spores smooth,
hyaline.

Pileus 10-15 cm. broad; tubes very large, 1-2 mm. broad. i. S. unicolor.

Pileus reaching 6 cm. broad; tubes very much smaller. 2. 5. sensibilis.

i. SPONGIPELLIS UNICOLOR (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus somewhat imbricate, large and spongy, at length
indurate, dimidiate, often ungulate, 5-7 X 10-15 X 3-5 cm.;
surface spongy-tomentose, hirtose, azonate, smooth, sordid-
white to isabelline or fulvous; margin very thick and rounded,
sterile, entire, concolorous; context spongy-fibrous, white, in-
durate with age, especially below, 1-2 cm. thick; tubes very
long, 2-3 cm., white to isabelline within, mouths large, irregular,
often sinuous, 1-2 mm. broad, edges thin, fimbriate-dentate to
slightly lacerate, white to isabelline, at length bay and resinous
in appearance; spores globose, 6-8 /*.

Occasional on diseased trunks of deciduous trees in Oregon.

2. SPONGIPELLIS SENSIBILIS Murrill

Pileus flabelliform-conchate, narrowly attached, tough, very
juicy, white throughout, changing color very quickly when
bruised or on drying, about 3-4 cm. long, 6 cm. broad, and 1.5-2
cm. thick behind; surface spongy-tomentose, azonate, somewhat
uneven, changing at once to melleous when bruised and at length
to bay, margin entire, regular, very sensitive to handling, thin,
scarcely deflexed on drying; context duplex, white, thick, axonate
and friable when dry above, zonate and woody below, changing
color like the surface when bruised; tubes about equaling the
thickness of the context, small, at first very white and glistening,
changing quickly to bay when bruised, mouths circular, even,
slightly angular, friable and easily corroded on drying, 4-5 to a
mm., edges very thin, long-toothed, becoming lacerate at times;
spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 X 3 /*.

WESTERN POLYPORES n

This species was found rather commonly about Seattle,
Washington, on fallen logs and branches of red fir in moist
situations. At Glen Brook, Oregon, it occurred on Abies. It was
recently found on pine stumps at Del Monte, California. When
touched, it turns at once to honey-yellow and later to bay, and
some color approaching bay is usually assumed by all or a
portion of the hymenophore on drying. Paper touching the
fresh specimens is stained ferruginous and then bay.

6. BJERKANDERA P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, anoderm, glabrous,
azonate, corky; context white, tough or woody, not friable when
dry; tubes thin-walled, more or less smoke-colored, mouths
polygonal; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. BJERKANDERA ADUSTA (Willd.) P. Karst.

Pileus cespitose-imbricate, decurrent, sometimes effused,
conchate, fleshy-tough or corky, somewhat flexible when dry,
2-4 X 4-8 X 0.2-0.4 cm.; surface undulate, indistinctly zonate,
especially near the margin, finely tomentose or villose, isabelline
with slightly darker markings; margin thin, undulate, sterile,
pallid, usually becoming black as though scorched; context
fibrous-corky, white, 1-3.5 mm. thick; tubes short, I mm. or
less long, smoky-white to blackish within, mouths regular,
angular, 5-6 to a mm., smoke-colored and pruinose when young,
soon becoming grayish-black, edges thin, entire; spores ellipsoid-
allantoid, 3-5 X 1.5-2.5 /*•

Occasional on dead deciduous wood in California. This
species also occurs at times on coniferous wood.

7. POLYPORUS (Micheli) Paulet

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, small and simple, very rarely
large and compound; stipe central, eccentric or lateral, much
reduced at times in a few species, often partly or wholly brown
or black; surface usually smooth, the margin at times ciliate;
context white or yellowish, fibrous, tough to corky; hymenium
porose, at times alveolate; spores smooth, hyaline.

Stipe pallid or light-brown, centrally attached, not darker than

the pileus.

Pileus ornamented with conspicuous tufts of fibrils. i. P. McMurphyi.

Pileus plainly villose, at length becoming glabrous. 2. P. Polyporus.

Pileus glabrous from the first. 3. P. columbiensis.

12 WESTERN POLYPORES

Stipe pallid, eccentric to lateral.

Pileus white. 4- P- osseus.

Pileus wood-brown. 5- P- Zelleri.

Stipe wholly or partly black or fuliginous, variously attached,
usually darker than the pileus.

Surface light-colored, isabelline to pale-ochraceous. 6. P. elegans.

Surface dark-colored, bright-bay to almost black. 7. P. fissus.

i. POLYPORUS MCMURPHYI Murrill, sp. nov.

Pileus subcircular, convex to nearly plane, not at all depressed,
solitary, 5-7 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface yellowish-brown, subshining,
ornamented with conspicuous tufts of stout, pointed, erect fibrils
which are larger near the center; margin rather thin, slightly
ciliate, somewhat irregular, inflexed on drying; tubes white,
decurrent, somewhat favoloid but very small, the edges thin,
slightly collapsing and becoming uneven or toothed with age;
spores oblong-ellipsoid or fusiform, smooth, hyaline, plurigut-
tulate, 10— 12 X 4-6 ju; stipe central or slightly eccentric, enlarged
above and below, solid, thick, white or whitish, reticulate or
hispid over its entire surface, reaching 4 cm. long and 1.5-2 cm.
thick.

Type collected on a fallen dead branch of alder at San Francis-
quito Creek, near Stanford University, California, February 15,
1912, James McMurphy 166 (herb. Stanford Univ.). Also col-
lected during the winter of 1911 at Point Reyes, California, where
it was reported as abundant and edible. The surface of a typical
pileus exhibits under a lens an appearance similar to that of a
ripe pineapple or to a group of sacks of wheat tied up and standing
close together, with the fibrils drawn together in a cluster at the
center of each subcircular, convex area formed in the process of
drying. The specimens from Point Reyes do not exhibit this
character nor is the surface subshining, which may be accounted
for by weather conditions or the manner in which the specimens
were dried. This species is nearest to P.fagicola and P. hydniceps.

2. POLYPORUS POLYPORUS (Retz.) Murrill

Pileus circular, convex to plane, slightly umbilicate at times,
2-8 X 0.2-0.4 cm.; surface fuliginous, more rarely yellowish-
brown, hispid-squamulose to minutely hispid; margin at first
inflexed, thin, fimbriate, often becoming wavy or lobed; context
milk-white, membranous, 1-3 mm. thick; tubes adnate, white to
pallid, 1-2 mm. long, mouths circular, regular, 2-3 to a mm.,

WESTERN POLYPORES 13

edges at first thick, becoming thin and often dentate with age;
spores cylindric, subcurved, 7-8 X 2-3 n; stipe central, solid,
woody, equal, squamulose, avellaneous, not black at the base,
2-3 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick.

Reported from California by Harkness. The species occurs on
fallen dead wood of deciduous trees.

3. POLYPORUS COLUMBIENSIS Berk.

Pileus circular, very thin, subinfundibuliform, 2.5 X 0.05 cm.;
surface brown, very smooth and glabrous, resembling parchment
or the skin of an apple; margin thin, acute, straight, undulate;
context pallid, membranous; tubes decurrent, very short, dark-
brown in the type specimens, mouths minute, angular, 5 to a mm.,
edges thin, acute; stipe central, slender, concolorous, finely
velvety, tough and fibrous, 1-5 cm. long, 3 mm. thick.

Not reported since its original discovery on dead wood on the
Columbia River in Oregon.

4. POLYPORUS OSSEUS Kalchbr.

Hymenophore cespitose-multiplex, elastic- tough, at length
indurate; pilei subdimidiate, variable in size and shape, convex
or depressed, 5 cm. or more broad; surface white, smooth,
glabrous; context white, rather thick, with an acid odor, becoming
very hard when dry ; tubes decurrent, white, becoming discolored,
mouths circular, minute, edges at length lacerate ; spores 5 n
long; stipe short, arising from a common base and more or less
united.

This species occurs on trunks and stumps of larch and certain
other trees in Europe, and is occasional in this country in a few
states along the Canadian border. It may be looked for in
Washington and British Columbia. When dry, it is as hard as a
bone, as the name implies.

5. POLYPORUS ZELLERI Murrill, sp. nov.

Pileus flabelliform, nearly plane, imbricate-cespitose, 4-6 X
6-8 X 0.3-0.5 cm.; surface pruinose or slightly innate-fibrillose,
becoming glabrous, not shining, isabelline-avellaneous, margin
thin, concolorous, subentire, becoming somewhat inflexed and
undulate on drying, not ciliate; context white, corky, homoge-
neous, tubes white or slightly discolored, about I mm. long,
subcylindric, mouths angular, very minute, edges thin, lacer-

14 WESTERN POLYPORES

ate-dentate; spores oblong, slightly curved, uniguttulate, smooth,
hyaline, 5-5.5 X 2-3. 5/1; stipe lateral, woody, white, marked
with the decurrent tubes, very short and expanding into the
pileus, 1-2 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick.

Type collected on dead wood at Seattle, Washington, during
the winter and spring of 1911-12, S. M. Zeller 146 (herb. N. Y.
Bot. Card.). This species resembles Polyporus varius of Europe,
but it is heavier, has no striations on the surface, and the tubes
are more delicate and lacerate.

6. POLYPORUS ELEGANS (Bull.) Fries

Pileus flabelliform to subcircular, scarcely depressed behind,
convex or nearly plane, 2-6 X 3-10 X 0.2-1 cm.; surface dis-
tinctly radiate-striate, pruinose when young, becoming glabrous
and pale-ochraceous at maturity; margin thin, at first inflexed,
often becoming wavy or much lobed and folded with age, not
ciliate; context white or pallid, corky, 1-5 mm. thick; tubes pale-
avellaneous, 1-3 mm. long, cylindric, mouths angular to sub-
circular, entire, at first white, glistening, pale-umbrinous with
age,4~5 to a mm., edges thin, entire ; spores oblong, 7-8 X 3~3-5 M;
stipe eccentric or lateral, rarely central, woody, smooth, pallid
above, abruptly black and scutate below, 1-4 cm. long, 2-5 mm.
thick.

Common in Oregon and Washington on fallen dead branches of
alder and other deciduous trees. Less common southward.

7. POLYPORUS FISSUS Berk.

Pileus flabelliform to subcircular, often depressed at the disk
or behind, convex, very variable in size, 5-15 X 7-20 X 0.3-1
cm.; surface glabrous, minutely radiate-striate, bay or fuliginous,
rugose on the disk; margin thin, fertile, wavy or lobed, often
splitting with age; context corky, pallid, 2-8 mm. thick; tubes
white to yellowish-brown, decurrent, 2 mm. long, cylindric,
slender, mouths subcircular, very minute, 6-7 to a mm., edges
thin, entire, becoming elongate with age; stipe eccentric, varying
to central or lateral, usually tapering above, fuliginous to nearly
black, pruinose, rugose, 2-6 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. thick.

Found at Corvallis and Marshfield, Oregon, and also in Wash-
ington. Reported from Washington as common on poplar and
rare on fir and spruce.

WESTERN POLYPORES 15

8. SCUTIGER Paulet

Hymenophore simple, terrestrial, annual, mesopous, usually
bright-colored; surface anoderm, variously decorated; context
white, rarely colored, fleshy to tough, rigid and fragile when
dry ; hymenium porose, white or colored, tubes thin-walled; spores
smooth or rarely echinulate, hyaline.

Surface of pileus uneven, squamose or rugose.

Pileus 15-25 cm. broad. i. S. oregonensis.

Pileus 5 cm. broad. 2. S. decurrens.

Surface of pileus smooth, hispid-tomentose. 3. 5. hispidellus.

i. SCUTIGER OREGONENSIS Murrill

Pileus ascending, depressed behind, reniform, irregular, fleshy-
tough, solitary, 15 cm. wide, 25 cm. long, 3 cm. thick behind;
surface dry, dark-fulvous, uniformly and densely imbricate-
floccose-scaly, the ends of the scales either slightly upturned or
at an angle of 45°, margin concolorous, fertile, lobed or undulate,
bay when bruised; context white, nutty, thin, fragile when fresh,
with the odor of musty meal when dry; tubes white, tinged with
sulfur-yellow when bruised, decurrent, mouths regular, thin-
walled, i mm. in diameter, edges uneven, toothed; spores ovoid,
smooth, hyaline, 8-10 X 5 M; stipe eccentric, inflated, 7 cm. long,
8 cm. thick, irregular, watery-white to flavous, turning sulfur-
yellow when bruised, resembling the pileus above at the point of
attachment and not reticulate behind.

This large and handsome species was collected in November,
1911, on a rocky bank among giant red firs to the north of Mill
City, Oregon, at an elevation of 1,200 ft. Its nearest relative is
Scutiger retipes, known only from Alabama, from which it differs
in many important characters.

2. SCUTIGER DECURRENS (Underw.) Murrill

Pileus nearly circular in outline, plane or slightly depressed at
the center, centrally stipitate, 5 X 5 X 0.5 cm.; surface very
thinly encrusted, brown or bay, rough, imbricate-tuberculose ;
margin thin, concolorous, sharply inflexed when dry; context
white, fragile, 3-5 mm. thick; tubes white to alutaceous within,
about 2 mm. long, decurrent nearly to the base of the stipe,
mouths angular, 2 to a mm., edges rather thin, entire, slightly
uneven, white to isabelline; stipe bulbous at the base, tapering
above, reticulate, slightly darker than the hymenium, 3 cm. or
more long, 1-1.5 cm. thick.

1 6 WESTERN POLYPORES

Found only once, growing in soil on the side of a canyon at
Pasadena, California.

3. SCUTIGER HISPIDELLUS (Peck) Murrill, comb. nov.

Polyponts hispidellus Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 5: 649. 1899.

Pileus fleshy- tough, dimidiate to subcircular, convex to plane
or slightly depressed, solitary, 5-10 cm. broad; surface pale-
fawn-colored or grayish-brown to subfuliginous, clothed with
short, stiff, erect hairs, margin entire, concolorous; context white;
tubes short, cylindric, white, variable in size, edges, thin uneven,
dentate or lacerate; spores fusiform, smooth, hyaline, usually
uniguttulate, about 12.5 X 4/*; stipe lateral or eccentric, often
irregular, solid, colored and clothed like the pileus, 2.5-4 cm- long,
1-1.5 cm- thick.

Originally described from the Lake Placid region in the Adiron-
dacks, occurring on roots of trees or buried wood. Occasional
northward, extending across the continent from Prince Edward
Island to Washington. It differs from 5. radicatus in its stiff,
erect hairs, lateral or eccentric stipe, and small spores.

«
9. AURANTIPORELLUS Murrill

Hymenophore large, annual, epixylous, effused, immarginate
or narrowly reflexed ; surface azonate, soft, anoderm and orange-
colored when young, becoming slightly encrusted and darker
with age; context orange-colored, extremely soft and spongy
throughout; tubes orange-colored, very large, thin-walled, ir-
regular, lacerate, fragile; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. AURANTIPORELLUS ALBOLUTEUS (Ellis & Ev.) Murrill

Pileus soft, spongy, effused, laterally connate, narrowly reflexed
at times, but usually entirely resupinate, 5-6 cm. broad, 1-4 cm.
thick; surface velvety, azonate, orange-colored, becoming slightly
encrusted and darker with age; margin thin, reflexed, concolorous;
context very soft, spongy, orange-colored, absorbing water to a
remarkable degree, 0.5-1.5 cm. thick; tubes annual, light-orange-
colored, very large, 1-2 cm. long, mouths irregular, 1-2 mm. in
diameter, edges thin, concolorous, somewhat fragile, more pallid
on their extreme margin, lacerate with age; spores oblong,
8-12 X 3 /*•

Occasional on dead coniferous logs in Washington.

WESTERN POLYPORES 17

10. PYCNOPORELLUS Murrill

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate, simple or
imbricate, reddish or orange-colored throughout; surface ano-
derm, margin thin; context thin, friable; tubes thin-walled,
fragile, at length lacerate; spores smooth, hyaline or pale-
yellowish.

i. PYCNOPORELLUS FIBRILLOSUS (P. Karst.) Murrill

Pileus soft, spongy, fragile when dry, thin, dimidiate, imbri-
cate, 3-5 X 6-8 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface anoderm, orange-colored,
nbrillose-tomentose, zonate, at times uneven and sodden in
appearance; margin thin, subentire, tomentose, paler; context
obscurely zoned, orange-colored, friable when dry, spongy and
absorbing water when fresh, 3-5 mm. thick; tubes annual, 3-5
mm. long, pallid to orange-colored, mouths angular, irregular,
1-2 to a mm., edges very thin, pallid and entire when young, at
length orange-colored and very lacerate; spores smooth, oblong,
hyaline or pale-yellowish, 6-7 X 3-4 //.

Occasional on Psendotsuga, Tsuga, and Abies in Washington,
especially in the mountains. Reported from Idaho on maple.

ii. PYCNOPORUS P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, sometimes reviving, epixylous, sessile,
dimidiate, simple or imbricate, rarely pseudo-stipitate ; surface
anoderm, slightly pelliculose at times, zonate or azonate, bright-
er dull-red; context red, soft-corky to punky; hymenium con-
colorous, tubes small, firm, thin-walled; spores smooth,
hyaline.

i. PYCNOPORUS CINNABARINUS (Jacq.) P. Karst.

Pileus convex-plane, dimidiate, laterally extended, reviving
the second season, 4-6 X 5-10 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface azonate,
rugulose, pruinose to tomentose, at length glabrous, the color
changing from light-orange to cinnabar-red, often fading with
age; margin acute, except in large plants, faintly zonate; context
floccose, elastic, zonate, reddish; tubes nearly equaling the
context, firm, miniatous within, the mouths small, 2-3 to a mm.,
regular, coccineous, dissepiments rather thin, entire; spores
6-8 X 2-3 n.

Reported by Harkness as occurring on oak in California.

12. LAETIPORUS Murrill

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, fleshy, anoderm, cespitose-
multiplex; context cheesy to fragile, light-colored; tubes thin-

1 8 WESTERN POLYPORES

walled, fragile, bright-yellow, mouths irregularly polygonal;
spores smooth, hyaline.

i. LAETIPORUS SPECIOSUS (Batt.) Murrill

Hymenophore cespitose-multiplex, 30-60 cm. broad; pileus
cheesy, not becoming rigid, reniform, very broad, more or less
stipitate, 5-15 X 7-20 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface finely tomentose to
glabrous, rugose, anoderm, subzonate at times, varying from
lemon-yellow to orange, fading out with age; margin thin, fer-
tile, concolorous, subzonate, finely tomentose, undulate, rarely
lobed; context cheesy, very fragile when dry, yellow when fresh,
usually white in dried specimens, 3-7 mm. thick; tubes annual,
2-3 mm. long, sulfur-yellow within, mouths minute, angular,
somewhat irregular, 3-4 to a mm., edges very thin, lacerate,
sulfur-yellow, the color fairly permanent in dried specimens;
spores ovoid, smooth or finely papillate, 6-8 X 3-5 M-

Common throughout on living trunks of most deciduous
and evergreen trees, causing a very serious heart-rot. It is one
of the best edible fungi.

13. FUNALIA Pat.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate, often semi-
resupinate; surface anoderm, hairy to aculeate; context light-
brown, more or less duplex, spongy above, coriaceous to woody
below; tubes usually large, thin-walled, more or less lacerate;
spores smooth, hyaline.

i. FUNALIA STUPPEA (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus corky to woody, variable in size, dimidiate, decurrent,
imbricate, convex above, 2-6 X 5-12 X 0.5-3 cm-J surface
ferruginous to fulvous, hirsute to villose, azonate, sulcate at
times; margin thin or rounded, concolorous, entire or slightly
undulate; context isabelline, zonate, corky to woody, duplex
in large specimens, being softer above, 0.3-1.5 cm. thick; tubes
rather long, 3-12 mm., whitish-isabelline within, mouths rather
variable in size, subcircular to angular, distorted with age,
averaging about i mm. in diameter, edges thin, fimbriate to
toothed, isabelline to fuscous; spores oblong or slightly curved,
11-13 X 3-5-4 M-

Known from California and British Columbia and doubtless
occasional throughout the region on dead poplar and willow
trunks.

WESTERN POLYPORES 19

14. HAPALOPILUS P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, rarely perennial, epixylous, sessile,
dimidiate, simple or imbricate; surface anoderm, rarely pellicu-
lose, zonate or azonate, usually brown and glabrous; context
brown, leathery or corky, tough or rarely friable when dry;
hymenium usually differently colored, tubes small, thin-walled;
spores small, usually ovoid, hyaline.

i. HAPALOPILUS GILVUS (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus corky, dimidiate, imbricate, applanate or conchate,
3-6 X 5-10 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface finely tomentose to glabrous,
azonate, isabelline to fulvous, often marked with indistinct
purplish-fuscous bands, rugulose to uneven; margin thin, fer-
ruginous, entire to undulate, abruptly sterile; context ferruginous,
fibrous-spongy to corky, zonate, 3-7 mm. thick; tubes short,
slender, avellaneous to grayish-umbrinous within, 3-5 mm. long,
often found stratified, especially in the tropics, mouths small,
regular, circular to angular, 6-8 to a mm., edges at first thick,
pale-ferruginous, becoming thin, entire, glistening, olivaceous-
fuscous to purplish-fuscous; spores elongate-ellipsoid, 4-6
X2~4)u; cystidia chestnut-colored, ovate-subulate, 15-20 X
4-5 M-

Found once in California on Quercus agrifolia.

15. ISCHNODERMA P. Karst.

Hymenophore large, annual, epixylous, sessile; surface pellicu-
lose, glabrous; context light-brown, fleshy to slightly corky,
friable when dry; tubes small, thin- walled; spores smooth,
hyaline.

i. ISCHNODERMA FULIGINOSUM (Scop.) Murrill

Pileus very large, subimbricate, laterally connate, effused-
reflexed, often covering the entire under surface of logs, the
reflexed portion applanate, 5-15 cm. long, 10 to many cm.
broad, 1-2.5 cm. thick; surface pelliculose, floccose, rugose,
zonate, fuliginous, ivory-black, and dark-fulvous, with a con-
spicuous resinous appearance; margin acute, concolorous, inflexed
on drying, entire or undulate; context fleshy, becoming corky
with age, very firm and rather fragile when dry, light-brown,
5-10 mm. thick; tubes pallid to umbrinous, 5-8 mm. long,
mouths minute, white, angular, equal, becoming umbrinous and
somewhat irregular with age, edges thin, fimbriate to lacerate;
spores cylindric, subcurved, 4-6 X 1.5-2 /*.

2o WESTERN POLYPORES

Frequent northward on dead coniferous logs. This species
also occurs on deciduous wood.

1 6. INONOTUS P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate, simple or
somewhat imbricate, variable in size; surface usually anoderm,
brown, hairy or glabrous; context brown, thin and fibrous to
spongy or corky; hymenium concolorous, usually covered with
whitish powder in youth, tubes small, thin-walled; spores
smooth, light- to dark-brown.

Hymenophore typically pileate, 10-30 cm. broad.

Surface conspicuously hirsute. i. /. hirsutus.
Surface glabrous or nearly so.

Spores pale-brown. 2. /. dryadeus.

Spores deep-brown. 3. /. dryophilus.

Hymenophore resupinate so far as known. 4. I. Leei.

1. INONOTUS HIRSUTUS (Scop.) Murrill

Pileus thick, compact, fleshy to spongy, dimidiate, sometimes
imbricate, compressed-ungulate, 7-10 X 10-15 X 3-5 cm.; sur-
face hirsute, ferruginous to fulvous, azonate, smooth; margin
obtuse, velvety; context spongy-corky, somewhat fragile when
dry, ferruginous to fulvous, blackening with age, 1-1.5 cm.
thick; tubes slender, about I cm. long, ferruginous within,
mouths angular, 2-3 to a mm., ferruginous to bay, blackening
with age, edges thin, very fragile, lacerate; spores broadly
ovoid, smooth, thick-walled, deep-ferruginous, 2-guttulate, 7-8 X
5-6 /i.

Reported from California by Harkness.

2. INONOTUS DRYADEUS (Fries) Murrill

Hymenophoreof immense size, dimidiate, rarely circular, usually
imbricate, applanate or depressed above, convex below, fleshy
to spongy-corky, rather fragile when dry, 15-30 X 25-65 X 3-5
cm.; surface very uneven, azonate, opaque, hoary-isabelline,
anoderm to very thinly encrusted, subshining and bay; margin
thick, pallid, entire to undulate, weeping; context thick, zonate,
subglistening, ferruginous-isabelline to fulvous, 2.5-4 cm-
thick; tubes grayish-umbrinous to fulvous within, 5-15 mm. long,
slender, very fragile, mouths whitish when young, becoming
somewhat resinous in appearance and finally bay-brown, at first
minute, circular, becoming angular, 4 to a mm., edges thin,
fimbriate to lacerate, deeply splitting and separating with age;

WESTERN POLYPORES 21

spores subglobose, smooth, 8-10 X 7-8 /z, the outer wall hyaline,
the inner membrane brown; cystidia 15-35 X 5-9 A*.

Occasional in California as a root parasite of various species
of oak, the large hymenophores appearing near the base of the
trunk. Attention is called to recent studies of this species and
the next by W. H. Long.

3. INONOTUS DRYOPHILUS (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus thick, unequal, unguliform, subimbricate, rigid, 7-8
X 10-14 X 2-3 cm.; surface hoary-flavous to ferruginous-
fulvous, becoming scabrous and bay with age; margin thick,
usually obtuse, sterile, pallid, entire or undulate; context fer-
ruginous to fulvous, zonate, shining, 3-10 mm. thick; tubes
slender, concolorous with the context, about I cm. long, mouths
regular, angular, 2-3 to a mm., glistening, whitish-isabelline to
dark-fulvous, edges thin, entire to toothed; spores subglobose,
smooth, deep-ferruginous, 6-7 /JL; cystidia scanty and short.

Frequent in California and Oregon on living or dead oak trunks,
causing serious decay.

4. INONOTUS LEEI Murrill, sp. nov.

Hymenophore resupinate, immarginate, rigid to fragile, effused,
15-40 cm. broad; context fulvous, inconspicuous; tubes 1-3.5
cm. long, slender, cylindric, fulvous, 3-4 to a mm. at the base,
larger at the mouths, rather thick-walled, not stratified; mouths
ungulate, irregular in size and shape, 1-4 to a mm., citrinous-
stuffed, edges thin, becoming slightly toothed and blackish with
age; spores subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth, melleous under a
microscope, uniguttulate, 6-7 X 5-6 n; hyphae fulvous, 3.5-4.5 [*',
cystidia fulvous, cuspidate, small and variable.

Type collected 15 feet above the ground on a decayed trunk of
Quercus agrifolia on the University of California campus, Berke-
ley, California, April, 1914, H. A. Lee (herb. N. Y. Bot. Card.).
Also collected on the same host in the same locality by students
of the department of botany of the University of California; and
on a fallen log of Quercus agrifolia at Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, March 13, 1912, James McMurphy igi. This very in-
teresting anomalous species extends for several square feet over
the surface of decaying trunks of the common live oak, which it
undoubtedly injures very seriously. It is hoped that pileate
specimens will be found so that the description may be completed.

22 WESTERN POLYPORES

17. PH AEOLUS Pat.

Hymenophore large, irregular, annual, spongy to corky,
epixylous; stipe simple, variously attached, wanting at times;
surface of pileus anoderm, hispid; context ferruginous; tubes
irregular, thin-walled; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline; cystidia
none.

i. PHAEOLUS SISTOTREMOIDES (Alb. & Schw.) Murrill

Pileus spongy, circular, varying to dimidiate or irregular, 15-
20 cm. broad, 0.5-2 cm. thick; surface setose-hispid to strigose-
tomentose and scrupose in zones, ochraceous-ferruginous to
fulvous-castaneous or darker, quite uneven, somewhat sulcate,
obscurely zonate; margin yellow, rather thick, sterile; context
very soft and spongy, fragile when dry, sometimes indurate with
age, flavous-ferruginous to fulvous, 0.3-0.7 mm. thick; tubes
short, 2-5 mm. long, flavous within, mouths large, irregular,
averaging I mm. in diameter, edges thin, becoming lacerate,
ochraceous-olivaceous to fuliginous, rose-tinted when young
and fresh, quickly changing to dark-red when bruised; spores
ellipsoid, 7-8 X 3-4 M; stipe central to lateral or obsolete, very
irregular, tubercular or very short, resembling the pileus in surface
and substance.

Common throughout, especially northward, on trunks, stumps,
and roots of various coniferous trees, causing a very serious red-
dish-brown rot of the roots and lower part of the trunk.

18. COLTRICIA (Micheli) S. F. Gray

Hymenophore annual, terrestrial or humus-loving, simple,
small to medium, usually circular and central-stemmed; surface
anoderm, brown, zonate or azonate; context yellowish or brown,
coriaceous to spongy; hymenium concolorous, covered with
yellowish or whitish powder when young; tubes thin-walled, at
length fimbriate; spores smooth, rounded, yellowish-brown;
cystidia rarely present.

Pileus 3-6 cm. broad. i. C. perennis.

Pileus 6-12 cm. broad. 2. C. tomentosa.

i. COLTRICIA PERENNIS (L.) Murrill

Pileus coriaceous, circular, infundibuliform, 3-6 cm. broad,
1.5-3 mm- thick; surface zonate, short- tomentose, substriate,
ferruginous to cinereous, the zones sometimes glabrous and
chestnut-colored; margin very thin, entire to lacerate, inflexed
when dry; context very thin, concolorous, scarcely a mm. thick;

WESTERN POLYPORES 23

tubes short, grayish-umbrinous within, 1-3 mm. long, mouths
small, angular, 2-4 to a mm., whitish when young, becoming
fulvous, edges thin, dentate to lacerate, soon collapsing; spores
ovoid, smooth, pale-yellowish-brown, 4-6 X 2-3.5 M; stipe bulb-
ous and often united with that of neighboring plants at the
base, tapering upward, velvety, ferruginous to fulvous, solid,
corky, 3-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick.

Rather common throughout on exposed sandy or burnt soil
in woods.

2. COLTRICIA TOMENTOSA (Fries) Murrill

Pileus circular, varying to dimidiate, sometimes cespitose,
6-12 cm. in diameter, 3-5 mm. thick; surface ferruginous-fulvous,
azonate, rarely subzonate, tomentose, plane or depressed at the
center; margin lighter in color, sterile, acute, entire to lobed;
context duplex, soft-corky, concolorous and spongy above,
corky-woody, fibrous and flavous-ferruginous below, 2-4 mm.
thick; tubes sometimes decurrent, about I mm. long, avellaneous
within, mouths small, equal, angular, 3-5 to a mm., covered at
first with a whitish substance, edges white, entire, becoming
grayish-umbrinous, very thin and toothed with age; spores
ellipsoid, smooth, pale-yellowish-brown, 5-7 X 2-4 fj.; cystidia
abundant, more or less curved, ovate-lanceolate at first, becoming
more slender, fulvous-brown, 50-75 X 6-15 ^; stipe central to
lateral or wanting, unequal, obese, fulvous, tomentose, re-
sembling the context within, 0-5 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick.

Occasional in California on or about dead coniferous stumps.

19. CRYPTOPORUS (Peck) Hubbard

Hymenophore subglobose, sessile, epixylous; surface smooth,
encrusted; context white, corky; tubes white, concealed at first
by a volva, which is perforated at one or more points at maturity;
mouths constricted, discolored; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. CRYPTOPORUS VOLVATUS (Peck) Hubbard

Pileus simple, sessile, rarely spuriously stipitate, globose to
ungulate, 2-6 cm. broad, 1.5-3 cm. thick; surface white, some-
times slightly reddish-brown, smooth, slightly viscid or resinous
when young, glabrous, marked with anastomosing depressed
lines in larger specimens; margin very rounded, concolorous,
smooth, produced into a volva covering the tubes, at length
ruptured at 1-3 points forming small rounded or irregular aper-
tures; context soft-corky, homogeneous, white, 2-5 mm. thick;

24 WESTERN POLYPORES

tubes 1-1.5 mm- long, isabelline to umbrinous, mouths angular,
yellow with a tinge of cinnamon, 3 to a mm., edges thick, be-
coming thin, entire; spores oblong, hyaline or pale-flesh-colored,
11-13 X 4-5 /*•

Frequent throughout on dead coniferous trunks. It occurs
also in Japan.

20. FOMES Gill.

Hymenophore sessile, ungulate or applanate, epixylous;
surface anoderm or encrusted, sulcate, rarely zonate; context
white, wood-colored, or flesh-colored, corky or woody, rarely
punky; tubes cylindric, usually thick- walled, stratose; spores
smooth, hyaline or subhyaline.

Context rosy, light-brown in faded specimens. i. F. roseus.

Context white or nearly so.

Pileus encrusted; surface darker than the context.

Pileus thin, distinctly zonate. 2. F. annosus.

Pileus thick, ungulate, sulcate. 3. F. ungulatus.

Pileus not encrusted; surface concolorous with the context.

Tubes 3-4 to a mm.; pileus cylindric at maturity. 4. F. Laricis.

Tubes 1-3 to a mm.; pileus ungulate at maturity. 5. F. amarus.

i. FOMES ROSEUS (Alb. & Schw.) Cooke

Pileus woody, dimidiate, varying from conchate to ungulate,
often imbricate and longitudinally effused, 2-4 X 6-30 X 0.5-3
cm.; surface rugose, subfasciate, slightly sulcate, rosy or flesh-
colored, becoming gray or black with age; margin acute, becoming
obtuse, sterile, pallid, often undulate; context floccose-fibrous to
corky, rose-colored, 0.2-2 cm. thick; tubes indistinctly stratose,
1-2 mm. long each season, mouths circular, 3-4 to a mm., edges
obtuse, concolorous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, thick-walled,
subhyaline, 3.5 X 6 p.

Common throughout on living or dead trunks of conifers,
causing a serious rot. The variation in the form of the hymeno-
phore from conchate to ungulate is sometimes very puzzling.

2. FOMES ANNOSUS (Fries) Cooke

Pileus woody, dimidiate, very irregular, conchate to applanate,
10-13 X 5-8 X 0.5-2 cm.; surface at first velvety, rugose,
anoderm, light-brown, becoming thinly encrusted, zonate, and
finally black with age; margin pallid, acute, becoming thicker;
context soft-corky to woody, white, 0.3-0.5 cm. thick; tubes
unevenly stratified, 2-8 mm. long each season, white, mouths
subcircular to irregular, 3-4 to a mm., edges rather thin, entire,

WESTERN POLYPORES 25

firm, white, unchanging; spores subglobose or ellipsoid, smooth,
hyaline, 5-6 X 4-5 /*.

Frequent throughout on trunks and roots of various coniferous
trees, and rarely on deciduous trees, causing serious decay. The
hymenophores of this species usually occur in inconspicuous
places.

3. FOMES UNGULATUS (Schaeff.) Sacc.

Pileus corky to woody, ungulate, 8-15 X 12-40 X 6-10 cm.;
surface glabrous, sulcate, reddish-brown to gray or black, often
resinous; margin at first acute to tumid, pallid, becoming yellow-
ish or reddish-chestnut; context woody, pallid, 0.5-1 cm. thick;
tubes distinctly stratified, 3-5 mm. long each season, white to
isabelline, mouths circular, 3-5 to a mm., edges obtuse, white to
cream-colored; spores ovoid, smooth, 6 p.

Common throughout on living trunks of conifers and less
frequent on deciduous trees growing near, causing a serious
disease.

4. FOMES LARICIS (Jacq.) Murrill

Pileus firm, at length fragile, ungulate to cylindric, 3-8 X 5-10
X 4-20 cm.; surface anoderm, powdery, white or slightly yellow-
ish, concentrically sulcate, becoming slightly encrusted, tubercu-
lose and rimose; margin obtuse, concolorous; context soft, tough,
at length friable, chalk-white or slightly yellowish, very bitter,
with the odor of fresh meal, 1-3 cm. thick; tubes evenly stratified,
concolorous, 5-10 mm. long each season, mouths circular to
angular, 3-4 to a mm., edges thin, fragile, white, becoming dis-
colored and lacerate, wearing away with age; spores ovoid,
5X4-"-

Frequent throughout on dead or decayed trunks of fir, red fir,
spruce, hemlock, and pine. This species is much more abundant
in Europe and is there used in medicine because of the bitter,
resinous substance it contains.

5. FOMES AMARUS (Hedgcock) Murrill, comb. nov.

Polyporus amarus Hedgcock, Mycologia 2: 155. 1910.

Pileus soft and spongy when young, becoming hard and chalky
when old, ungulate, often spuriously stipitate from knot-holes,
frequently large, 5-11 X 10-20 X 6-12 cm.; surface pubescent
when young, rimose and chalky when old, at first buff, becoming
tan and often blotched with brown when older; margin obtuse,
frequently having an outer band of darker brown, often slightly

26 WESTERN POLYPORES

furrowed; context creamy-yellow to tan-colored, usually darker
in outer layers when old, bitter to the taste and often resinous
near the base, somewhat like Fames Laricis (Jacq.) Murrill, 4-8
cm. thick; tubes not stratified, brown within, cylindric, 0.5-3 cm-
in length, shorter next to the margin, mouths circular or slightly
irregular, 1—3 to a mm., yellow or yellow-green during growth,
turning brown when bruised or old, becoming lacerate; spores
hyaline or slightly tinged with brown, smooth, ovoid, 5-8 X
3-4 n, nucleated ; cystidia none.

Common throughout California and Oregon, causing the serious
"pin-rot" or "peckiness" of the incense cedar, Libocedrus de-
cur r ens. The hymenophores are not very often seen, but the
rot is common, often affecting as high as 100 per cent, of the in-
cense cedar trees of a given area.

21. PYROPOLYPORUS Murrill

Hymenophore large, perennial, epixylous, sessile, ungulate or
applanate; surface sulcate, usually anoderm and often rough or
rimose; context woody or punky, brown; tubes brown, cylindric,
stratose, usually thick- walled ; spores smooth, hyaline.

Margin of pileus at first ferruginous; context fulvous, opaque, i. P. igniarius.
Margin of pileus at first melleous; context isabelline, lustrous. 2. P. Abramsianus.

i. PYROPOLYPORUS IGNIARIUS (L.) Murrill

Pileus woody, ungulate, sessile, 6-7 X 8-10 X 5-12 cm.;
surface smooth, encrusted, opaque, velvety to glabrous, fer-
ruginous to fuscous, becoming black and rimose with age;
margin obtuse, sterile, ferruginous to hoary, tomentose; context
woody, distinctly zonate, ferruginous to fulvous, 2-3 cm. thick;
tubes evenly stratified, 2-4 mm. long each season, fulvous,
whitish-stuffed in age, mouths circular, minute, 3-4 to a mm.,
edges obtuse, ferruginous to fulvous, hoary when young; spores
globose, smooth, hyaline, 6-7 /r, cystidia 10—25 X 5-6 /*.

Found on living willow trunks near Tacoma, Washington, and
Eugene, Oregon; also on Ceanoihus at Grass Valley, California.
It causes a very serious heart-rot.

2. PYROPOLYPORUS ABRAMSIANUS Murrill, sp. nov.

Pileus woody, ungulate or triquetrous, broadly attached, sub-
imbricate, 3-4 X 6-8 X 4-6 cm.; surface finely tomentose to
glabrous, smooth, melleous, becoming gray or fuliginous, not

WESTERN POLYPORES 27

rimose; margin conspicuously obtuse and rounded, concolorous
with the younger parts of the surface; context woody, zonate,
melleous to dark-luteous, with a silky luster; tubes rarely strati-
fied, not separated by layers of context, variable in length, avel-
laneous, whitish-stuffed, mouths subcircular, 4-5 to a mm., edges
obtuse, entire, melleous to fulvous; spores broadly ellipsoid or
subglobose, hyaline, uniguttulate, smooth, 7-8 X 5-6 n; cystidia
none.

Type collected on a willow stump near Cedro Cottage Bridge
on San Francisquito Creek, near Stanford University, California,
November 22, 1902, A. C. Herre (herb. N. Y. Bot. Card.). This
species is remarkably like Pyropolyporus texanus in form and
general appearance, but the tubes and spores are different, as
well as the host. It has been found but once.

22. PORODAEDALEA Murrill

Hymenophore large, perennial, epixylous, sessile, conchate to
ungulate; surface anoderm, sulcate, usually rough; context brown
and woody; tubes concolorous, rarely in distinct layers, the
hymenium varying from porose to daedaleoid; spores smooth,
hyaline at maturity, becoming brownish with age; cystidia
conspicuous.

i. PORODAEDALEA PINI (Thore) Murrill

Pileus hard, typically ungulate, conchate or effused-reflexed
in varieties, often imbricate, 5-8 X 7-12 X 5-8 cm., smaller in
varieties; surface very rough, deeply sulcate, tomentose, tawny-
brown, becoming rimose and almost black with age; margin
rounded or acute, tomentose, ferruginous to tawny-cinnamon,
entire, sterile in large specimens; context soft-corky to indurate,
ferruginous, 5-10 mm. thick, thinner in small specimens; tubes
stratified, white to avellaneous within, becoming ferruginous at
maturity and in the older layers, 5 mm. long each season, much
shorter in thin specimens, mouths irregular, circular or daedale-
oid, often radially elongate, averaging I to a mm., edges fer-
ruginous to grayish-umbrinous, glistening when young, rather
thin, entire; spores subglobose, smooth, hyaline at maturity,
becoming brownish with age, 5-6 X 3~4 V, cystidia abundant,
short, 25-35 X 4-6 M-

Very common throughout on living trunks of conifers, causing
a serious heart-rot. The variation in the shape of the hymeno-
phores is exceedingly confusing. M tiller recently confirms

28 WESTERN POLYPORES

Hartig's statement that this species also causes a dry rot in

pine and fir.

23. ELFVINGIELLA Murrill

Hymenophore large, epixylous, sessile, applanate or ungulate;
surface sulcate, horny-encrusted; context brown, punky; tubes
brown, cylindric, stratose, thick-walled; spores smooth, hyaline
or subhyaline.

i. ELFVINGIELLA FOMENTARIA (L.) Murrill

Pileus hard, ungulate, concave below, 7-9 X 8-10 X 3-10 cm.;
surface finely tomentose to glabrous, isabelline to avellaneous and
finally black and shining with age, zonate, sulcate, horny-
encrusted; margin obtuse, velvety, isabelline to fulvous; context
punky, ferruginous to fulvous, conidia-bearing, 3-5 mm. thick;
tubes indistinctly stratified, not separated by layers of context,
3-5 mm. long each season, avellaneous to umbrinous within,
mouths circular, whitish-stuffed when young, 3-4 to a mm.,
edges obtuse, entire, grayish-white to avellaneous, turning dark
when bruised; spores globose, smooth, hyaline or nearly so,
3-4 M-

Occasional throughout on living trunks of alder, laurel, and a
few other deciduous trees, causing serious decay. The punky
substance of the hymenophore was formerly used in tinder-boxes,
and is still used as an absorbent in surgery and for the manufac-
ture of various ornamental and useful articles.

24. ELFVINGIA P. Karst.

Hymenophore large, epixylous, sessile, applanate or ungulate;
surface sulcate, horny-encrusted; context brown, punky; tubes
brown, cylindric, stratose, thick-walled, mouths whitish or
yellowish when young; spores brown; conidia present in most
species on or near the surface of the pileus.

Pileus white or gray, often becoming brown with age.

Hymenium white or rarely slightly yellowish when young. i. E. megaloma.

Hymenium luteous when young. 2. E. Brownii.

Pileus brown to black; hymenium pallid when young. 3. E. tornata.

i. ELFVINGIA MEGALOMA (L6v.) Murrill

Pileus hard, dimidiate, applanate, 6-15 X 8-30 X 1-4 cm.;
surface milk-white to gray or umbrinous, glabrous, concentrically
sulcate, encrusted, fasciate with obscure lines, conidia-bearing,
usually brownish during the growing season from the covering

WESTERN POLYPORES 29

of conidia; margin obtuse, broadly sterile, white or slightly
cremeous, entire to undulate; context corky, usually rather
hard, zonate, fulvous to bay, 5-10 mm. thick, thinner with age;
tubes very evenly stratified, separated by thin layers of context,
5-10 mm. long each season, avellaneous to umbrinous within,
mouths circular, 5 to a mm., whitish-stuffed when young, edges
obtuse, entire, white or slightly yellowish to umbrinous, quickly
changing color when bruised; spores ovoid, smooth or very
slightly roughened, pale-yellowish-brown, truncate at the base,
7-8 X 5-6 M-

Very common throughout on dead or diseased trunks of oak,
willow, alder, and many other deciduous trees, as well as on
conifers in certain sections, causing decay of the sapwood and
exposed heartwood. The immense hymenophores are often used
by amateur artists for etching.

2. ELFVINGIA BROWNII Murrill, sp. nov.

Pileus encrusted, very hard, dimidiate, applanate, broadly
attached, subimbricate, 8-10 X 15-25 X 3-4 cm.; surface gray
to brown, glabrous, concentrically sulcate, rather uneven, margin
very obtuse, broadly sterile, luteous, subentire; context almost
woody, zonate, bay, about 3 cm. thick, thinner with age; tubes
5-8 mm. long each season, avellaneous to dark-umbrinous within,
mouths minute, circular, about 5 to a mm., luteous-stuffed when
young, edges obtuse, entire; spores broadly ellipsoid, slightly
roughened, brown, uniguttulate, truncate at one end, thick-
walled, 8-9 X 7 M-

Type collected on decaying logs of Umbellularia in Strawberry
Canyon, University of California campus, Berkeley, California,
September 27, 1913, V. S. Brown 307 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Card.).
Also collected in a younger stage at the same place on the same
host, September 12, 1913, V. S. Brown 306. This species re-
sembles E. megaloma in habit and appearance, but the hymenium
is luteous instead of white when young.

3. ELFVINGIA TORNATA (Pers.) Murrill

Pileus hard, dimidiate, sessile or spuriously stipitate, applanate,
thin, very large, plane below, 10-20 X 15-30 X 1-5 cm.; surface
horny-encrusted, sulcate, glabrous, slightly tuberculose, conidia-
bearing, opaque to subshining, often fasciate with black bands,
subspadiceous to fulvous; margin smooth, sterile, often laccate,

30 WESTERN POLYPORES

subacute, often becoming truncate; context floccose with harder
fibers, zonate, fulvous to bay, with whitish markings in old speci-
mens, 5-10 mm. thick, very thin in large specimens; tubes in-
distinctly stratified, 5-8 mm. long each season, not separated by
layers of context, dark-umbrinous within, mouths circular, not
stuffed when young, often covered near the margin with resin,
4 to a mm., edges obtuse to acute, entire, pallid to umbrinous;
spores broadly ellipsoid, truncate, very dark yellowish-brown,
abundantly and roughly echinulate, 7-8 X 5-6 p.

What appears to be an old and very thick form of this species
was found on Quercus agri-folia and Umbellularia in Wild Cat
Canyon, near Berkeley, California, November 14, 1913, by V. S.
Brown. Younger specimens are desired. E. tornata is abundant
throughout the tropics on decayed logs and stumps.

25. GANODERMA P. Karst.

Hymenophore large, sessile or stipitate, perennial or annual,
epixylous; surface sulcate, covered with reddish-brown varnish;
context punky, brown or pallid; tubes cylindric, concolorous;
spores ovoid, brown.

Species found on conifers; context white or nearly so. except

near the tubes.

Hymenophore stipitate. I. G. oregonense.

Hymenophore sessile. 2. G. Sequoiae.

Species found on deciduous trees; context ochraceous to isa-

belline above, tawny next to the tubes. 3. G. polychromum.

i. GANODERMA OREGONENSE Murrill

Pileus reniform, corky, rigid, convex above, plane below, 10 X
17 X 5 cm.; surface glabrous, thinly encrusted, smooth, laccate,
very lustrous, bay to black, with a deep groove near the margin,
which is cream-colored, rounded, smooth, entire, finely tomen-
tose; context punky, white to slightly discolored, homogeneous,
with white lines of mycelium near the stipe, 2-3.5 cm- thick;
tubes annual, I cm. long, avellaneous within, mouths circular to
angular, 3 to a mm., edges thin, entire, white to avellaneous;
stipe lateral, very thick, short, subcylindric, 2-4 cm. long, 3-6
cm. thick, expanding into the pileus, which it resembles in color,
surface, and context.

Occasional on coniferous trunks in Washington and Oregon.

WESTERN POLYPORES 31

2. GANODERMA SEQUOIAE Murrill

Pileus soft, tough, dimidiate, compressed-ungulate, subim-
bricate, convex above, concave below, 8 X 14 X 5 cm.; surface
at length glabrous, laccate, thinly encrusted, very uneven,
undulate, concentrically sulcate near the margin, shining-bay
to nearly black; margin ochraceous, smooth, undulate, subacute;
context punky, homogeneous, cremeous above, fulvous immedi-
ately adjoining the tubes, 2 cm. thick behind ; tubes indistinctly
stratified, 5-20 mm. long, grayish-fuscous to fulvous within,
mouths circular to angular, rather large, irregular, 1-2 to a mm.,
edges thin, entire, cremeous to umbrinous, chestnut-colored when
bruised.

Found once on a redwood trunk in California.

3. GANODERMA POLYCHROMUM (Copeland) Murrill

Hymenophore solitary or superimposed; pileus reniform, soft,
4 X 6 X 1-2 cm.; surface glabrous, thinly encrusted, azonate,
uneven, laccate, sublustrous, fulvous to bay; margin obtuse,
cremeous, sterile, uneven; context fulvous, darker below, homo-
geneous, punky, slightly zonate, I cm. thick; tubes annual, 5-10
mm. long, avellaneous within, mouths large, angular, irregular,
2-4 to a mm., edges thin, uneven, greenish-white to grayish-
fuscous; spores obovate, subfuscous, 7-10 p.

Found a few times on decayed trunks of oak, willow, and
Schinus in California.

26. CERRENA (Micheli) S. F. Gray

Hymenophore small, epixylous, sessile, conchate, annual;
surface anoderm, hairy or subglabrous, zonate or sulcate; con-
text thin, white, fibrous, flexible; hymenium at first labyrinthi-
form, soon becoming irpiciform from the splitting of the dissepi-
ments; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. CERRENA UNICOLOR (Bull.) Murrill

Pileus coriaceous, sessile, imbricate, dimidiate to flabelliform,
conchate, often laterally confluent, 2.5-3.5 X 5-10 X 0.1-0.3
cm.; surface villose-strigose, rugose, zonate, plicate, isabelline
to fulvous, becoming avellaneous with age and blackish and
nearly glabrous behind; margin acute, undulate to lobed, paler,
zonate, strigose-tomentose ; context very thin, membranous,
white, homogeneous, scarcely I mm. thick; tubes decurrent,
labyrinthiform, 1-3 mm. long, white or isabelline to fuliginous or

32 WESTERN POLYPORES

umbrinous, averaging 2 to a mm., edges acute, uneven, soon
becoming dentate-lacerate, giving the hymenium an irpiciform
appearance; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 4-6 X 3-4 M-

Reported by Harkness as common in California. It occurs
usually on dead deciduous wood, and rarely on coniferous wood.
This species has recently been found in Europe to be parasitic
on horsechestnut, beech, black locust, and red maple.

27. DAEDALEA Pers.

Hymenophore epixylous, usually large and annual, sessile,
applanate to ungulate; surface anoderm, glabrous, often zonate;
context white or wood-colored, rigid, woody or punky ; hymenium
normally labyrinthiform, but varying to lamellate and porose in
some species; spores smooth, hyaline.

Pileus thick, triangular, margin obtuse. I. D. quercina.

Pileus thin, applanate, margin thin. 2. D. confragosa.

i. DAEDALEA QUERCINA (L.) Pers.

Pileus corky, rigid, dimidiate, sessile, imbricate, applanate,
convex below, triangular in section, 6-12 X 9-20 X 2-4 cm.;
surface isabelline-avellaneous to cinereous or smoky-black with
age, slightly sulcate, zonate at times, tuberculose to colliculose
in the older portions; margin usually thin, pallid, glabrous; con-
text isabelline, soft-corky, homogeneous, 5-7 mm. thick; tubes
labyrinthiform, becoming nearly lamellate with age in some
specimens, 1-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, chalk-white or dis-
colored within, edges obtuse, entire, ochraceous to avellaneous.

Reported by Harkness as occurring on oak in California.

2. DAEDALEA CONFRAGOSA (Bolt.) Pers.

Pileus corky to woody, imbricate, sessile, dimidiate, convex
or plane above, variable in size, 2-7 X 3-10 X 0.5-1.5 cm.;
surface multizonate, rugose, scrupose, often tuberculose, becom-
ing glabrous, isabelline or avellaneous to latericeous-f uscous ;
margin thin, entire to lobed, pallid, fertile, dark-brown when
bruised; context corky to woody, white to avellaneous, zonate,
3-10 mm. thick; tubes very variable, porose or labyrinthiform,
often becoming lamellate with age, 0.5-1.5 mm. broad, 5-10
mm. deep, white or avellaneous within, mouths grayish-pruinose
when young, becoming umbrinous or reddish-fuscous, edges
thin, becoming lacerate-dentate and often fimbriate, turning at

WESTERN POLYPORES 33

once to yellowish-brown when bruised; spores smooth, hyaline,
cylindric to ellipsoid, 5-8 X 2-3 /x.

Reported from California by Harkness.

28. LENZITES Fries

Hymenophore small, annual, epixylous, sessile, conchate;
surface anoderm, usually zonate and tomentose; context white,
coriaceous, flexible; hymenium lamellate, the radiating gill-like
dissepiments connected transversely at times, especially in
youth; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. LENZITES BETULINA (L.) Fries

Pileus thin, coriaceous, sessile, dimidiate to flabelliform,
imbricate, conchate, 3-4 X 4-7 X 0.3-1 cm.; surface conspicu-
ously tomentose, velvety, multizonate, somewhat uneven, often
radiate-rugose to plicate, avellaneous with latericeous zones,
becoming olivaceous with age; margin thin, undulate to lobed at
times; context very thin, white, membranous, scarcely a mm.
thick; furrows slightly anastomosing when very young, 1-2 mm.
broad, 3-10 mm. deep, edges thin, entire to undulate, slightly
notched with age, cremeous within, ochroleucous to sordid-
ochraceous without; spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 6 p.

Common in California on decayed wood of oak, alder, and other
deciduous trees. It may be expected also on coniferous wood at

times.

29. GLOEOPHYLLUM P. Karst.

Hymenophore small, annual, epixylous, sessile; surface hairy
or glabrous, anoderm, often zonate; context tough, brown;
hymenium normally lamelloid or daedaleoid, but frequently
poroid in some species; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. GLOEOPHYLLUM HIRSUTUM (Schaeff.) Murrill

Pileus hard, corky to woody, slightly flexible, imbricate, sessile,
laterally connate, often decurrent, oblong-dimidiate to flabelli-
form, conchate, 2-3 X 4-8 X 0.3-1 cm.; surface zonate, strigose-
tomentose, anoderm, rather uneven, reddish-fulvous to fuliginous
or umbrinous; margin rather thick, sterile, isabelline, undulate,
finely tomentose, becoming acute and darker in age; context
soft-corky, homogeneous, fulvous, about 2 mm. thick; tubes
usually lamelloid, anastomosing when young, ochraceous to
grayish-umbrinous, 0.5-1 mm. broad, 2-5 mm. deep, edges
thin, undulate; in a poroid variety, tubes circular, regular, 2 to

34 WESTERN POLYPORES

a mm., edges thick, firm, entire; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline,
8-12 X 3-4 M-

Occasional in Oregon and reported also from California. It is
very destructive to coniferous timber, and sometimes causes
heart-rot in living trunks.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Fulvifomes juniperinus (Schrenk) Murrill was recently found by Meinecke on
Juniperus occidentalis in Nevada County, California. This collection represents
the form described as Pyropolyporus Earlei. The species may be readily recog-
nized by its reddish-brown context.

Two or three interesting new species just received from the Pacific coast will
shortly be described in Mycologia. Further collecting will undoubtedly add other
novelties to this group, besides extending the range of species already known. It
is also desirable, if possible, to account for several species reported by Harkness
but not since collected.

INDEX TO GENERA WITH SPECIES

Aurantiporellus, 16

alboluteus, 16
Bjerkandera, n

adusta, n
Cerrena, 31

unicolor, 31
Coltricia, 22

perennis, 22

tomentosa, 23
Coriolellus, 5

cuneatus, 5

Sequoiae, 5
Coriolus, 3

abietinus, 4

nigromarginatus, 3

versicolor, 4

washingtonensis, 4
Cryptoporus, 23

volvatus, 23
Daedalea, 32

confragosa, 32

quercina, 32
Elfvingia, 28

Brownii, 29

megaloma, 28

tornata, 29
Elfvingiella, 28

fomentaria, 28
Femes, 24

amarus, 25

annosus, 24

Laricis, 25

roseus, 24

ungulatus, 25
Funalia, 18

stuppea, 1 8
Ganoderma, 30

oregonense, 30

polychromum, 31

Sequoiae, 31
Gloeophyllum, 33

hirsutum, 33
Hapalopilus, 19

gilvus, 19
Inonotus, 20

dryadeus, 20

dryophilus, 21

Inonotus hirsutus, 20
Leei, 21

Ischnoderma, 19
fuliginosum, 19

Laetiporus, 17
speciosus, 1 8

Lenzites, 33

betulina, 33

Phaeolus, 22

sistotremoides, 22

Polyporus, n

columbiensis, 13
elegans, 14
fissus, 14
McMurphyi, 12
osseus, 13
Polyporus, 12
Zelleri, 13

Porodaedalea, 27
Pini, 27

Pycnoporellus, 17
nbrillosus, 17

Pycnoporus, 17

cinnabarinus, 17

Pyropolyporus, 26
Abramsianus, 26
igniarius, 26

Scutiger. 15

decurrens, 15
hispidellus, 16
oregonensis, 15

Spongipellis, 10
sensibilis, 10
unicolor, 10

Spongiporus, 5

leucospongia, 6

Tyromyces, 6
caesius, 7
carbonarius, 8
chioneus, 8
cutifractus, 7
guttulatus, 6
perdelicatus, 9
Pseudotsugae, 9
semipileatus, 7
substipitatus, 9

35

INDEX TO SPECIES

abietinus (Coriolus), 4
Abramsianus (Pyropolyporus), 26
adusta (Bjerkandera), n
alboluteus (Aurantiporellus), 16
alutaceus (Polyporus), 7
amarus (Fomes), 25
annosus (Fomes), 24
betulina (Lenzites), 33
Brownii (Elfvingia), 29
caesius (Tyromyces), 7
carbonarius (Tyromyces), 8
chioneus (Tyromyces), 8
cinnabarinus (Pycnoporus), 17
columbiensis (Polyporus), 13
confragosa (Daedalea), 32
cuneatus (Coriolellus), 5
cutifractus (Tyromyces), 7
decurrens (Scutiger), 15
dryadeus (Inonotus), 20
dryophilus (Inonotus), 21
Earlei (Pyropolyporus), 34
elegans (Polyporus), 14
fibrillosus (Pycnoporellus), 17
fissus (Polyporus), 14
fomentaria (Elfvingiella), 28
fuliginosum (Ischnoderma), 19
gilvus (Hapalopilus), 19
guttulatus (Tyromyces), 6
hirsutum (Gloeophyllum), 33
hirsutus (Inonotus), 20
hispidellus (Scutiger), 16
igniarius (Pyropolyporus), 26
juniperinus (Fulvifomes), 34
Laricis (Fomes), 25
Leei (Inonotus), 21

leucospongia (Spongiporus), 6
McMurphyi (Polyporus), 12
megaloma (Elfvingia), 28
nigromarginatus (Coriolus), 4
oregonense (Ganoderma), 30
oregonensis (Scutiger), 15
osseus (Polyporus), 13
perdelicatus (Tyromyces), 9
perennis (Coltricia), 22
Pini (Porodaedalea), 27
polychromum (Ganoderma), 31
Polyporus (Polyporus), 12
Pseudotsugae (Tyromyces), 9
quercina (Daedalea), 32
radiatus (Scutiger), 16
roseus (Fomes), 24
semipileatus (Tyromyces), 7
sensibilis (Spongipellis), 10
Sequoiae (Coriolellus), 5
Sequoiae (Ganoderma), 31
sistotremoides (Phaeolus), 22
speciosus (Laetiporus), 18
stuppea (Funalia), 18
substipitatus (Tyromyces), 9
texanus (Pyropolyporus), 27
tomentosa (Coltricia), 23
tornata (Elfvingia), 29
ungulatus (Fomes), 25
unicolor (Cerrena), 31
unicolor (Spongipellis), 10
varius (Polyporus), 14
versicolor (Coriolus), 3
volvatus (Cryptoporus), 23
washingtonensis (Coriolus), 4
Zelleri (Polyporus), 14

Manuals of Polypores and Boletes

By WILLIAM A. MURRILL, A.M., PH.D., Assistant
Director of the New York Botanical Garden, Editor
of Mycologia, and Associate Editor of North Ameri-
can Flora.

Northern Polypores, issued December 8, 1914. . $1.00

Including species found in Canada and the United
States south to Virginia and west to the Rockies.

Southern Polypores, issued January 30, 1915 . $I.OO

Including species found in the United States from
North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas.

Western Polypores, issued in February, 191$ . . $I.OO

Including species found in the states on the Pacific
coast from California to Alaska.

Tropical Polypores, issued in April, 1915 . . . $1.50

Including species found in Mexico, Central America,
southern Florida, the West Indies, and other islands
between North America and South America.

American Boletes, issued December 8, 1914 . . $I.OO

Including all the species found in temperate and
tropical North America, both on the mainland and
on the islands, south to South America.

The above prices include prepaid postage, even to foreign countries. No reduc-
tion is made to any one, dealers included. The author regrets that, owing to the
small editions, no copies can be distributed for examination, but a free desk copy
will be supplied, if requested, with an order for ten copies of the same book sent
to one address.

Remit by Postoffice or Express Money Order, or, if by
Check, please add Exchange.

W. A. MURRILL

Bronxwood Park

NEW YORK CITY

f